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Lesson 4: Articles and Other Prefixes

Vocabulary:

Dagor = battle
Megil = sword
Hathel = axe
Gúl = magic
Balrog = a Balrog

The word Balrog may seem a bit like the word Balan from the previous lesson.  This is because it is derived from the same stem, bal-, which means "power" when a suffix is added.

(Note: Try pluralizing these words now using the instructions in Lesson 3.  You wil be using the plurals later.)

Last edited by SmartIrishKid (2009-03-16 18:46:02)

4.2: Lenition, part 2
If the prefix does not end in a nasal, then regular lenition occurs:

t » d
p » b
c » g

d » dh
b » v
g is removed
gw » w

h » ch

m » v

M is the only nasal to undergo regular lenition.

Example: os dorog around the troll
Example: or aladh above the tree

Last edited by SmartIrishKid (2009-03-21 16:45:01)

4.4: List of Prepositions, part 1
Here is a list of the prepositions in their definite forms:

or = above
os = around
es = around
egor = according to
ath = across
din = against
athan = beyond
aen = by (instrumental)
fain = each of
an = for
uin = from
min = in
suin = like
buin = on
nev = on this side of
ed = out of
nia = over
tre = through
nin = to
nuin = under
or = up

Definite prepositions always cause lenition in the following word.  When they are used, they automatically replace the definite article, so it is unnecessary to use the.

Last edited by SmartIrishKid (2009-06-05 14:37:57)

Lesson 4 Review

Practice adding the to both the singular and plural forms of your vocabulary words.  Remember to use the right form of the!

Choose five prepositions from the list in lesson 4.4 and add each of them to one of your vocabulary words.

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Last edited by SmartIrishKid (2009-03-16 20:50:21)

Lesson 5: Adjectives

Vocabulary:

Calen = green
Balar = powerful
Bein = fair (of appearance)
Nimp = pale
Lagor = swift

Once again, one of your vocabulary words begins with the stem bal-, which refers to power.

5.2: Plural Adjectives
All adjectives agree in number with the noun they modify, but they are only pluralized if the change is within the word (i.e. -in and -ath are not used):

Example: en adan halad the tall man » in edain helaid
Example: e nduin and the long river » i nduinath end
Example: corch dúr a dark crow » cyrch dúr dark crows (The adjective does not change because no vowel alteration can be made, and because suffixes are not used.)

5.4: Pronoun Possessives
Pronoun possessives are shown similarly to nouns, following the noun they "own":

nín = my
cín = your
hon = his
hen = her
han = its
vín = our (min after a nasal)
lín = your (pl.)
huin = their (m.)
hín = their (f.)
hain = their (inan.)

These are basically slightly altered forms of the direct object pronouns, which we will learn later when we discuss verbs.  Pronoun possessives sometimes use the.

Example: ardhon lín your land
Example: e mbar nín my home

Also, suffixes are occasionally used.  Once again, these are basically the same as the verb subject suffixes:

-en = my
-ech = your
-em = our
-am = our
-el = your (pl.)

Example: lamb tongue or mouth » lammen my mouth

Last edited by SmartIrishKid (2009-03-24 10:35:36)

Lesson 5 Review

Choose any five of the nouns you have learned and add an adjective to both their singular and plural forms.  Remember the rules you have learned for pluralizing adjectives!

Also, try out the pronouns you have learned.  You have learned about 20 vocabulary words so far (including the ones in the examples), and there are 14 pronouns, so pick any ones you want! 
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Last edited by SmartIrishKid (2009-03-21 13:17:30)

6.1: Verb Subjects
When a verb is used in the 3rd person (i.e. it does not have a suffix) then, in the present tense, the stem o will change to a.

Example: nallo call » en adan nalla the man calls

The stem i will be dropped, and any vowel harmony will be canceled (as shown in the vocabulary list).

Example: teli come » edhel tól an elf comes

For 3rd person plural, -ar and -ir are used (to replace o and i respectively).

Example: in edain nallar the men call
Example: edhil telir elves come

Last edited by SmartIrishKid (2009-03-24 13:17:26)

6.3: Direct Objects
The direct object generally precedes the verb (but follows the subject if there is one):

Example: lind líron I sing a song
Example: ho en adan ista he knows the man

Pronoun objects are similar to the pronoun possessives, only the vowels are shortened:

nin = me
cin = you
hon = him
hen = her
han = it
min = us
lin = you (pl.)
huin = them (m.)
hín = them (f.)
hain = them (inan.)

Example: Im Narvi hain echád; I, Narvi, make them
Example: en adan hon ista the man knows him